不同类型山丘区输变电线路工程水土流失的来源、影响因素及措施体系配置

[目的] 明确不同山丘区输变电线路工程水土流失特征,为山丘区水土保持设计、监测和防治提供理论参考。[方法] 以全国不同山丘区（东北黑土低山丘陵和漫岗丘陵区、西北黄土丘陵区、南方红壤丘陵区、青藏高原区、新疆山地区）输电线路工程为研究对象,通过文献查阅、野外调查并结合工程实例,对山丘区输变电线路工程水土流失来源、影响因素及措施体系配置进行归纳和总结。[结果] 输变电线路工程主要水土流失来源分区可分为站区、道路区、临时堆置区、塔基区、牵张场区和弃土弃渣堆置区;输变电线性工程水土流失具有不均衡性,其中站区占水土流失量的比例最高,达总水土流失量的48%～62%,其次为塔基区,其主要来源时段为施工期。[结论] 不同山丘区水土流失影响因素和防治重点差异显著,水土保持设计时须考虑土壤侵蚀形式的差异,并因地制宜地配置水土保持措施。     

东北黑土区冻融、风力、水力交互作用对坡面侵蚀的影响

多种外营力作用的复合侵蚀是东北黑土区坡耕地的主要侵蚀特征,但目前缺乏冻融、风力、水力之间相互作用对复合侵蚀影响的量化研究。基于此,采用室内冻融模拟、风洞试验和降雨模拟试验相结合的研究方法,分析了前期土壤冻融作用对土壤风蚀以及前期土壤冻融和风力叠加作用对后期坡面水蚀的影响。结果表明,前期土壤冻融作用显著增加了后期坡面的风蚀量(P<0.01),在9,15 m/s风速试验条件下,前期土壤冻融作用使土壤风蚀量分别增加1.02,1.44倍;也显著增加了距地表不同高度的风蚀输沙总量(P<0.01),在9,15 m/s风速下前期土壤冻融作用使风蚀输沙率分别增加1.71,1.04倍;前期土壤冻融作用对土壤风蚀的贡献率在2个试验风速下分别为100.0%和140.0%。前期土壤冻融与风蚀叠加作用明显增加了坡面水蚀量。其中,在3°和7°条件下,前期土壤冻融和风蚀叠加作用试验处理的坡面水蚀量较之无前期冻融也无风蚀作用的试验处理分别增加11.9%和20.6%;且在2个坡度条件下前期土壤冻融和风蚀叠加作用对坡面水蚀的贡献率分别为11.9%和20.6%。前期土壤冻融作用减弱了土壤抗侵蚀能力,其中土壤容重减小3.42%,<0.25 mm的风干团聚体增加14.1%,而>1.0 mm的风干团聚体减少15.1%;同时,前期风蚀作用使地表产生了凹痕和条纹等微地形,进一步增加坡面降雨侵蚀和径流侵蚀能力,从而导致前期冻融作用和风蚀共同作用增加坡面土壤侵蚀的严重性。研究结果可为黑土区多营力复合侵蚀防治提供重要科学依据。     

植被覆盖和降雨因子变化及对东北黑土区土壤侵蚀的影响

[目的] 研究东北黑土区植被覆盖和降雨侵蚀力因子对土壤侵蚀时空变化的影响程度,为该区水土流失治理和可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 运用修正后的通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）得到了2000—2018年东北黑土区土壤侵蚀分布特征,并探究土壤侵蚀模数与因子时空分布变化规律,得出侵蚀模数对于植被覆盖和降雨侵蚀力因子变化的敏感性。[结果] 黑土区土壤侵蚀变化与植被覆盖与管理因子和降雨侵蚀力因子的变化相关。研究期间侵蚀模数从1 175.20 t/（km²·a）下降至822.07 t/（km²·a）,并且全区主要以微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀为主,空间上呈现西南向东北逐渐降低的空间分布特点。[结论] 东北黑土区东南部和西南部的植被覆盖与管理因子（C）敏感系数分别为0.95和1.00,是强度敏感区域,提高植被覆盖度将成为有效治理手段;西北与西南降雨侵蚀力因子（R）敏感系数分别为0.45和1.00,为中度敏感和强度敏感的区域,降低降雨的影响对治理侵蚀最为有效。     

联合SBAS-InSAR和PSO-BP算法的高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性评价

近年来,高山峡谷区地质灾害频频发生,给人民生命和财产安全带来严重威胁。针对现有地质灾害评价方法存在地质灾害数据时效性差、不准确以及需进行大量评价因子权值计算等弊端,该研究提出一种联合SBAS-InSAR（Small Baseline Subsets- Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar）和PSO-BP（Particle Swarm Optimization-Back Propagation）算法来对高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性进行评价的方法。首先利用SBAS-InSAR技术获取得到研究区升降轨形变量,引入高分辨率影像等作为辅助识别,得到研究区地质灾害数据;然后,选取高程、坡度、升降形变速率等12个评价因子与是否为高危险区构建PSO-BP模型,对模型进行训练、验证并保存模型;利用保存好的模型得到研究区的地质灾害指数,通过ArcGIS自然间断点分级法结合专家参与进行危险性分级,最终得到研究区地质灾害危险性评价结果。试验结果表明：利用升降轨结合的方式对高山峡谷地质灾害进行识别,避免了单一轨道存在SAR成像几何畸变造成部分地质灾害不能识别或识别结果不全面等问题;利用SBAS-InSAR技术并结合高分辨率影像等辅助信息,可有效识别出活跃的泥石流、滑坡、崩塌和潜在地质灾害,解决了现有地质灾害点数据源时效性差、不准确等弊端;利用PSO-BP算法能跳过大量评价因子权值计算等弊端;为验证该研究方法的有效性,选择信息量法和组合赋权法进行定量和定性比较,结果表明,该研究方法有效的提高了地质灾害危险性评价的准确度,信息量法、组合赋权法和该研究方法的AUC（Area Under The Curve）值分别为0.694、0.721、0.785,准确率为73.3%、76.2%、79.8%。利用该方法能更为有效的对高山峡谷区地质灾害进行危险性评价,为防灾减灾事业及政府部门决策提供参考。     

Estimation of the amount of nutrients in livestock manure

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 283–291, 2006)

Nutrient amounts in livestock manure management, including manure treatment and use, were estimated using published statistical data and other information. The eight categories for manure treatment were defined in this study as composting at facility, composting at stockyard, raw feces, dried feces, urine, slurry, purification and other. The three categories for use of manure were defined as application to farmland, sale and exchange and other.

The regional daily excretion units per head of dairy and beef cattle, including the amount of excreta, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), were calculated based on the quantities and qualities of feed in each region. There was found to be a difference in the values for Hokkaido and other regions.

Concerning manure treatment methods in the dairy sector, the sum of the proportion of raw feces and compost at stockyard was high in Hokkaido. On the other hand, the sum of the proportion of composting at facility and dried feces was high in Hokuriku, Tokai, Kinki and Shikoku. In Kyushu, the proportion of slurry production was higher than in any other region.

The amounts of N, P, and K in compost estimated in this study were compared with those calculated from published statistics. The results were as follows. The amounts of N, P, and K in dairy cattle compost, N and K in beef cattle compost, and N in poultry compost in this study were similar to the amounts cited in reported statistics. The amounts of P in beef cattle, swine, and poultry compost in this study were lower than those cited in reported statistics.

As for the use of manure, application to farmland is the most common use of manure in the dairy and beef cattle sector. The proportions of purification, and sale and exchange were high for the swine and poultry sectors, respectively.

Large amounts of liquid manure, such as urine and slurry, are applied to farmland. To clarify the nutrient load resulting from liquid manure, the usable amount of dairy slurry was calculated based on both the standard application rate of fertilizer and the area of grassland and forage crops. As a result, the amount of usable N was lower than the amount of liquid manure N in the Kanto-Tosan, Tokai and Kinki regions.     

Boron nutrition for improving the quality of diverse canola cultivars

Abstract

Canola (Brassica napus L.), is the most important oilseed crop due to high oil contents and low concentration of erucic acid and glucosinolates. In Pakistan, oil seed production is not sufficient to fulfill the needs of the country. Thus, the planned experiment was aimed to evaluate the performance of different canola cultivars i.e. Faisal Canola, Pakola, PARC Canola hybrid and Rainbow at grown under various soil applied boron (B) levels viz., 0, 1, 2?kg ha^?1 under a rainfed environment. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. Among the canola cultivars, the maximum seed oil contents were recorded in cultivar ‘Pakola’ whereas, higher linolenic acid and protein were recorded in cultivar ‘Faisal canola’ as compared to other cultivars. A synergistic effect was found between various levels of B and quality parameters of the canola seed; as higher concentration of oil contents were found when B was applied 2?kg ha^?1. Conversely the linolenic acid showed the antagonistic behavior with the various B levels. On the other hand, protein contents, oleic acid and erucic acid revealed non-significant differences under different B application rates. In conclusion, the cultivar ‘Pakola’ provided the highest oil content when the B was applied at 2?kg ha^?1; the low concentration of unsaturated fatty acid was observed in ‘PARC canola’ cultivar in the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan.     

Growth,nutrient uptake and yield parameters of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) enhance by Rhizobium and Azotobacter inoculations in saline soil

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive growing seasons (2013 and 2014) to evaluate the effects of inoculations with Rhizobium and Azotobacter on the growth and yield of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under saline (5.8 dS m^?1) arid condition. The single treatment of either Rhizobium or Azotobacter exhibited to promote the growth of chickpea to some level, however, co-inoculation produced more effects and increased the shoot dry weight (30.3 and 26.4%), root dry weight (17.5 and 26.3%), nodule number (79.1 and 43.8 piece per plant), nitrogen content in roots (9.62 and 10.9%), in shoots (12.6 and 8.3%) and seed protein (7.1 and 4.3%) in both Flip06-102 and Uzbekistan-32 chickpea varieties compared to the control. Our studies showed that the highest yield response of 429 (27.9%) and 538 (23.9%) kg?ha^?1 over the control was revealed by the co-inoculation with Rhizobium and Azotobacter inoculants in Flip 06-102 and Uzbekistan-32, respectively. A new introduced Flip 06-102 chickpea variety was more salt tolerant and had higher root nodulation than the local Uzbekistan-32 chickpea variety. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in the shoots and roots were significantly (p?Rhizobium plus Azotobacter could be applied to improve the vegetative growth and yield of chickpea and to alleviate the effects of salt stress.     

Compared Phosphorus Efficiency in Soybean,Sunflower and Maize

ABSTRACT

A more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of phosphorus (P) efficiency is agronomically significant to advance in the design of crop management schemes that increase P efficiency and reduce the need of fertilizers. Phosphorus efficiency is defined as the ability of a plant to acquire P from the soil and/or to utilize it in the production of biomass or the harvestable organ. Because most parameters related to P efficiency vary according to the growth conditions and isolation of the individual effect of P efficiency is not straightforward; plants must be grown in uniform experimental conditions to obtain a fair comparison of their nutrient acquisition and utilization. In this work, we compare the ability of soybean, sunflower, and maize to utilize and acquire soil P. Field and greenhouse experiments including different P levels were conducted. The general observation was that the three species ranked differently according to the specific parameter of P efficiency considered. Maize clearly showed higher P utilization efficiency than soybean and sunflower, either expressed as biomass or as grain produced per unit of absorbed P. In turn, soybean and sunflower exhibited higher acquisition efficiency than maize. Soybean showed the shallowest root system: 69% of the total root length was concentrated in the top 20 cm of the soil. Phosphorus uptake per unit root length was rather similar among the three species, but soybean and sunflower had higher P uptake per unit of root weight. This can be explained by the higher specific root length (SRL) and specific root area (SRA) of both dicots. For example, SRL averaged 59, 94, and 34 m g^?1 in field grown soybean, sunflower, and maize, respectively. The more favorable root morphology determined that soybean and sunflower can explore more soil with the same belowground biomass and absorb more P per unit of carbon invested belowground. Since the three species exhibited similar values of P uptake per unit root length, we hypothesize that the capacity of each segment of root to deplete soil P fractions is similar.     

不同复合种植模式对土壤可蚀性K值与侵蚀量的影响研究

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,把4种农作物引入复合种植模式中,以土壤可蚀性K值、径流量、侵蚀量为指标,对紫色土区不同复合种植模式与水土流失特征的关系进行分析和研究.研究结果表明:(1)与单一的种植模式相比,不同复合种植模式使水土流失敏感性增强,K值增大,土壤容易被侵蚀.(2)土壤可蚀性K值与土壤砂粒含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.957;与土壤黏粒含量、有机C含量呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.191,-0.637;与粉粒含量呈显著的正相关,相关系数为0.986.黏粒及有机质含量的高低是反映紫色土区土壤抗侵蚀能力强弱的有效指标.(3)与柚子纯林种植模式相比,复合种植模式的径流截留效益显著.综合各项指标发现,柚子—粉葛复合模式抗侵蚀效果最好,最适宜推广种植.     

晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林枯落物持水特性研究

为了定量评价森林枯落物的水文功能,通过野外观测和浸水法实验,调查了晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林枯落物的蓄积量,分析了枯落物的持水能力与过程,并对枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸泡时间的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,枯落物蓄积量为6.81~56.64t/hm²,由大到小表现为:落叶松×白桦>落叶松>侧柏>油松×刺槐>油松>白桦>柠条>刺槐不同森林类型的枯落物最大持水量为10.08~100.78t/hm²,最大持水率变化范围为146.54%~203.74%,最大拦蓄量为9.41~88.65t/hm²,有效拦蓄量为7.90~73.53t/hm²枯落物浸水实验结果表明,枯落物持水量与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈反函数关系,在浸泡最初的0.5h持水量迅速增加,随后增幅减小,在12h以后枯落物吸水基本达到了最大值,持水量趋于动态平衡。表明落叶松×白桦混交林林下枯落物是8种林地中持水性最优的,刺槐纯林枯落物持水特性最差。